Sea-to-sea Electronic Links: A Study of Subsea Cables as a Support for Global Communications

Abstract

Subsea cables are essential infrastructure for supporting global digital communication and energy distribution across continents. This article reviews the structural and transmission characteristics of subsea fiber optic and power cables, including their key components, protection mechanisms, and performance under deep-sea conditions. It highlights the evolution of optical technologies such as DWDM and advanced modulation schemes, as well as the fabrication processes and materials used to withstand hydrostatic pressure, corrosion, and electromagnetic disturbances. Furthermore, the paper compares single-core and three-core cables, explores the environmental impacts of cable deployment, and evaluates the maintenance strategies needed to ensure system longevity. Special attention is given to the relevance of these systems for archipelagic nations like Indonesia, which depend heavily on reliable inter-island connectivity. The review aims to provide a comprehensive technical perspective to support future development and deployment of subsea networks worldwide.